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Born in the U.S.A.
''Born in the U.S.A.'' is the seventh studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen. It was released on June 4, 1984, by Columbia Records. It was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City.
When ''Born in the U.S.A.'' was first released, it was met with positive reviews and massive commercial success. It produced seven top-10 hit singles and was promoted with a worldwide concert tour by Springsteen. ''Born in the U.S.A.'' became his most commercially successful album and one of the highest-selling records ever, having sold 30 million copies by 2012. It has also been cited by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time.
==Background==
''Born in the U.S.A.'' showed Springsteen embracing a livelier mainstream sound than on his previous records but continued to express progressive themes and values in his lyrics.〔 According to Roger Scott, it was "such a defiantly rock 'n' roll album",〔 while ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's Debby Bull said Springsteen incorporated "electronic textures" to music he "kept as its heart all of the American rock & roll from the early Sixties".〔 Although Springsteen's previous record ''Nebraska'' had darker songs, he said ''Born in the U.S.A'' was not entirely different: "If you look at the material, particularly on the first side, it's actually written very much like ''Nebraska'' – the characters and the stories, the style of writing – except it's just in the rock-band setting." Springsteen considered leaving "No Surrender" off of the album, explaining that "you don't hold out and triumph all the time in life. ... You compromise, you suffer defeat; you slip into life's gray areas." E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt convinced Springsteen otherwise: "He argued that the portrait of friendship and the song's expression of the inspirational power of rock music was an important part of the picture."〔
The title track from ''Born in the U.S.A'' inspired the Annie Leibovitz photo of Springsteen's backside against the backdrop of an American flag, which was used as the album cover. Springsteen commented on the origin of the concept: "We had the flag on the cover because the first song was called "Born in the U.S.A.", and the theme of the record kind of follows from the themes I've been writing about for at least the last six or seven years. But the flag is a powerful image, and when you set that stuff loose, you don't know what's gonna be done with it." Some people thought that the cover depicted Springsteen urinating on the flag. He denied it: "That was unintentional. We took a lot of different types of pictures, and in the end, the picture of my ass looked better than the picture of my face, that's what went on the cover. I didn't have any secret message. I don't do that very much."〔 According to political writer Peter Dreier, the music's "pop-oriented" sound and the marketing of Springsteen as "a heavily muscled rocker with an album cover featuring a giant US flag, may have overshadowed the album's radical politics."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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